He created the Abbe number, a measure of any transparent material's variation of refractive index with wavelength and Abbe's criterion, which tests the hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter, see angular resolution). Zeiss Optical Works began selling his improved microscopes in 1872, by 1877 they were selling microscopes with homogenous immersion objective, and in 1886 his apochromatic objective microscopes were being sold. He developed the laws of image of non-luminous objects by 1872. In 1871, he designed the first refractometer, which he described in a booklet published in 1874. By 1870, Abbe invented the Abbe condenser, used for microscope illumination. In 1866, he became a research director at the Zeiss Optical Works, and in 1886 he invented the apochromatic lens, a microscope lens which eliminates both the primary and secondary color distortion. He was relieved of his teaching duties at the University of Jena in 1891. He also was a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. In 1889, he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He became director of the Jena astronomical and meteorological observatory in 1878. He attained full professor status by 1879. In 1871, he married Else Snell, daughter of the mathematician and physicist Karl Snell, one of Abbe's teachers, with whom he had two daughters. In 1870, he accepted a contract as an associate professor of experimental physics, mechanics and mathematics in Jena. On 8 August 1863 he qualified as a university lecturer at the University of Jena. This was followed by two short assignments at the Göttingen observatory and at Physikalischer Verein in Frankfurt (an association of citizens interested in physics and chemistry that was founded by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1824 and still exists today). Abbe was awarded his |1970|p=6}} While at school, he was influenced by Bernhard Riemann and Wilhelm Eduard Weber, who also happened to be one of the Göttingen Seven. His father's employer continued to fund him. During his time as a student, Abbe gave private lessons to improve his income. Thus, in spite of the family's strained financial situation, his father decided to support Abbe's studies at the Universities of Jena (1857–1859) and Göttingen (1859–1861). By the time he left school, his scientific talent and his strong will had already become obvious. Supported by his father's employer, Abbe was able to attend secondary school and to obtain the general qualification for university entrance with fairly good grades, at the Eisenach Gymnasium, which he graduated from in 1857. He came from a humble home – his father was a foreman in a spinnery. Abbe was born 23 January 1840 in Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, to Georg Adam Abbe and Elisabeth Christina Barchfeldt.
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